Use variable fonts as source of truth, tweaks

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 out
-src_processed
+src_processed
+sample

README.md

@@ -10,12 +10,13 @@ To accomplish this, I wanted to start from the 9pt font, which I exported. Then,
 
 ## Project structure
 
-- `./src`: source .sfd font files (Newsreader 9pt, renamed to Readerly)
+- `./src`: Newsreader variable font TTFs (source of truth)
 - `./scripts`: FontForge Python scripts applied during the build
   - `scale.py`: scales lowercase glyphs vertically to increase x-height
   - `metrics.py`: sets vertical metrics (OS/2 Typo, Win, hhea)
+  - `lineheight.py`: adjusts OS/2 Typo metrics to control line spacing
   - `rename.py`: updates font name metadata from Newsreader to Readerly
-- `./src_processed`: intermediate .sfd files after processing (generated)
+- `./src_processed`: intermediate files after instancing/processing (generated)
 - `./out`: final TTF fonts (generated)
 
 ## Building
@@ -24,9 +25,15 @@ To accomplish this, I wanted to start from the 9pt font, which I exported. Then,
 python3 build.py
 ```
 
-This uses the Flatpak version of FontForge to:
+This uses `fontTools.instancer` and the Flatpak version of FontForge to:
 
-1. Copy `./src` to `./src_processed`
+1. Instance the variable fonts into static TTFs at configured axis values (opsz, wght)
 2. Scale lowercase glyphs (configurable in `scripts/scale.py`)
-3. Set vertical metrics and update font names
+3. Set vertical metrics, adjust line height, and update font names
 4. Export to TTF with old-style kerning in `./out`
+
+Variant configuration (in `build.py`):
+- Regular: wght=400, opsz=9
+- Bold: wght=550, opsz=9
+- Italic: wght=400, opsz=9
+- BoldItalic: wght=550, opsz=9

build.py

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ Readerly Build Script
 ─────────────────────
 Orchestrates the full font build pipeline:
 
-  1. Copies ./src/*.sfd → ./src_processed/
+  1. Instances variable fonts into static TTFs (fontTools.instancer)
-  2. Applies vertical scale (scale.py)
+  2. Applies vertical scale (scale.py) via FontForge
-  3. Applies vertical metrics (metrics.py)
+  3. Applies vertical metrics, line height, rename (metrics.py, lineheight.py, rename.py)
   4. Exports to TTF with old-style kern table → ./out/
 
 Uses the Flatpak version of FontForge.
@@ -31,6 +31,21 @@ SCRIPTS_DIR = os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, "scripts")
 
 FLATPAK_APP = "org.fontforge.FontForge"
 
+REGULAR_VF = os.path.join(SRC_DIR, "Newsreader-VariableFont_opsz,wght.ttf")
+ITALIC_VF  = os.path.join(SRC_DIR, "Newsreader-Italic-VariableFont_opsz,wght.ttf")
+
+VARIANTS = [
+    # (output_name, source_vf, wght, opsz)
+    ("Readerly-Regular",    REGULAR_VF, 430, 9),
+    ("Readerly-Bold",       REGULAR_VF, 550, 9),
+    ("Readerly-Italic",     ITALIC_VF,  430, 9),
+    ("Readerly-BoldItalic", ITALIC_VF,  550, 9),
+]
+
+# Glyphs to clear — stacked diacritics that inflate head.yMax far beyond
+# the design ascender.  Aringacute (Ǻ/ǻ) is the sole outlier at 2268 units.
+CLEAR_GLYPHS = ["Aringacute", "aringacute"]
+
 # ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
 # HELPERS
 # ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
@@ -63,24 +78,25 @@ def run_fontforge_script(script_text):
         sys.exit(1)
 
 
-def build_per_font_script(sfd_path, steps):
+def build_per_font_script(open_path, save_path, steps):
     """
-    Build a FontForge Python script that opens an .sfd file, runs the given
+    Build a FontForge Python script that opens a font file, runs the given
-    step scripts (which expect `f` to be the active font), saves, and closes.
+    step scripts (which expect `f` to be the active font), saves as .sfd,
+    and closes.
 
     Each step is a (label, script_body) tuple. The script_body should use `f`
     as the font variable.
     """
     parts = [
         f'import fontforge',
-        f'f = fontforge.open({sfd_path!r})',
+        f'f = fontforge.open({open_path!r})',
         f'print("\\nOpened: " + f.fontname + "\\n")',
     ]
     for label, body in steps:
         parts.append(f'print("── {label} ──\\n")')
         parts.append(body)
-    parts.append(f'f.save({sfd_path!r})')
+    parts.append(f'f.save({save_path!r})')
-    parts.append(f'print("\\nSaved: {sfd_path}\\n")')
+    parts.append(f'print("\\nSaved: {save_path}\\n")')
     parts.append('f.close()')
     return "\n".join(parts)
 
@@ -123,43 +139,77 @@ def main():
     print("  Readerly Build")
     print("=" * 60)
 
-    # Step 1: Copy src → src_processed
+    # Step 1: Instance variable fonts into static TTFs
-    print("\n── Step 1: Copy sources to ./src_processed ──\n")
+    print("\n── Step 1: Instance variable fonts ──\n")
     if os.path.exists(MUTATED_DIR):
         shutil.rmtree(MUTATED_DIR)
-    shutil.copytree(SRC_DIR, MUTATED_DIR)
+    os.makedirs(MUTATED_DIR)
-    sfd_files = sorted(f for f in os.listdir(MUTATED_DIR) if f.endswith(".sfd"))
-    for f in sfd_files:
-        print(f"  Copied: {f}")
-    print(f"  {len(sfd_files)} font(s) ready.")
 
-    # Step 2: Apply vertical scale to lowercase glyphs
+    for name, vf_path, wght, opsz in VARIANTS:
+        ttf_out = os.path.join(MUTATED_DIR, f"{name}.ttf")
+        print(f"  Instancing {name} (wght={wght}, opsz={opsz})")
+
+        cmd = [
+            sys.executable, "-m", "fontTools", "varLib.instancer",
+            vf_path,
+            "-o", ttf_out,
+            f"wght={wght}",
+            f"opsz={opsz}",
+        ]
+        result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True)
+        if result.stdout:
+            print(result.stdout, end="")
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            print(f"\nERROR: instancer failed for {name}", file=sys.stderr)
+            if result.stderr:
+                print(result.stderr, file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+    variant_names = [name for name, _, _, _ in VARIANTS]
+    print(f"  {len(VARIANTS)} font(s) instanced.")
+
+    # Step 2: Apply vertical scale (opens TTF, saves as SFD)
     print("\n── Step 2: Scale lowercase ──\n")
 
     scale_code = load_script_as_function(os.path.join(SCRIPTS_DIR, "scale.py"))
 
-    for sfd_name in sfd_files:
+    clear_code = "\n".join(
-        sfd_path = os.path.join(MUTATED_DIR, sfd_name)
+        f'if {g!r} in f:\n'
-        print(f"Scaling: {sfd_name}")
+        f'    f[{g!r}].clear()\n'
+        f'    print("  Cleared: {g}")'
+        for g in CLEAR_GLYPHS
+    )
 
-        script = build_per_font_script(sfd_path, [
+    for name in variant_names:
+        ttf_path = os.path.join(MUTATED_DIR, f"{name}.ttf")
+        sfd_path = os.path.join(MUTATED_DIR, f"{name}.sfd")
+        print(f"Scaling: {name}")
+
+        script = build_per_font_script(ttf_path, sfd_path, [
+            ("Clearing problematic glyphs", clear_code),
             ("Scaling Y", scale_code),
         ])
         run_fontforge_script(script)
 
-    # Step 3: Apply metrics and rename
+    # Step 3: Apply metrics and rename (opens SFD, saves as SFD)
     print("\n── Step 3: Apply metrics and rename ──\n")
 
-    metrics_code = load_script_as_function(os.path.join(SCRIPTS_DIR, "metrics.py"))
+    metrics_code    = load_script_as_function(os.path.join(SCRIPTS_DIR, "metrics.py"))
-    rename_code  = load_script_as_function(os.path.join(SCRIPTS_DIR, "rename.py"))
+    lineheight_code = load_script_as_function(os.path.join(SCRIPTS_DIR, "lineheight.py"))
+    rename_code     = load_script_as_function(os.path.join(SCRIPTS_DIR, "rename.py"))
 
-    for sfd_name in sfd_files:
+    for name in variant_names:
-        sfd_path = os.path.join(MUTATED_DIR, sfd_name)
+        sfd_path = os.path.join(MUTATED_DIR, f"{name}.sfd")
-        print(f"Processing: {sfd_name}")
+        print(f"Processing: {name}")
         print("-" * 40)
 
-        script = build_per_font_script(sfd_path, [
+        # Set fontname so rename.py can detect the correct style suffix
+        set_fontname = f'f.fontname = {name!r}'
+
+        script = build_per_font_script(sfd_path, sfd_path, [
             ("Setting vertical metrics", metrics_code),
+            ("Adjusting line height", lineheight_code),
+            ("Setting fontname for rename", set_fontname),
             ("Updating font names", rename_code),
         ])
         run_fontforge_script(script)
@@ -168,10 +218,9 @@ def main():
     print("\n── Step 4: Export to TTF ──\n")
     os.makedirs(OUT_DIR, exist_ok=True)
 
-    for sfd_name in sfd_files:
+    for name in variant_names:
-        sfd_path = os.path.join(MUTATED_DIR, sfd_name)
+        sfd_path = os.path.join(MUTATED_DIR, f"{name}.sfd")
-        ttf_name = sfd_name.replace(".sfd", ".ttf")
+        ttf_path = os.path.join(OUT_DIR, f"{name}.ttf")
-        ttf_path = os.path.join(OUT_DIR, ttf_name)
 
         script = build_export_script(sfd_path, ttf_path)
         run_fontforge_script(script)

scripts/lineheight.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+"""
+FontForge: Adjust line height
+──────────────────────────────
+Sets vertical metrics to control line spacing and selection box height.
+
+- Typo:     controls line spacing (via USE_TYPO_METRICS)
+- Win/hhea: controls selection box height and clipping
+
+Run inside FontForge (or via build.py which sets `f` before running this).
+"""
+
+import fontforge
+
+f = fontforge.activeFont()
+
+# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
+# CONFIGURATION
+# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
+
+# Line height (Typo) as a multiple of UPM.
+LINE_HEIGHT = 1.0
+
+# Selection box height (Win/hhea) as a multiple of UPM.
+SELECTION_HEIGHT = 1.32
+
+# Ascender share of the line/selection height.
+ASCENDER_RATIO = 0.80
+
+# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
+# APPLY
+# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
+
+upm = f.em
+
+# OS/2 Typo — controls line spacing
+typo_total = int(round(upm * LINE_HEIGHT))
+typo_asc   = int(round(typo_total * ASCENDER_RATIO))
+typo_dsc   = typo_asc - typo_total   # negative
+
+f.os2_typoascent  = typo_asc
+f.os2_typodescent = typo_dsc
+f.os2_typolinegap = 0
+
+# Win/hhea — controls selection box height and clipping
+sel_total = int(round(upm * SELECTION_HEIGHT))
+sel_asc   = int(round(sel_total * ASCENDER_RATIO))
+sel_dsc   = sel_total - sel_asc
+
+f.hhea_ascent    = sel_asc
+f.hhea_descent   = -sel_dsc
+f.hhea_linegap   = 0
+f.os2_winascent  = sel_asc
+f.os2_windescent = sel_dsc
+
+print(f"  Typo: {typo_asc} / {typo_dsc} / gap 0  (line height: {typo_total}, {LINE_HEIGHT:.2f}x UPM)")
+print(f"  hhea: {sel_asc} / {-sel_dsc} / gap 0  (selection: {sel_total}, {SELECTION_HEIGHT:.2f}x UPM)")
+print(f"  Win:  {sel_asc} / {sel_dsc}")
+print("Done.")

scripts/metrics.py

@@ -19,13 +19,6 @@ f = fontforge.activeFont()
 # CONFIGURATION
 # ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
 
-# Desired line height as a multiple of UPM.
-#   1.0  = no extra leading (glyphs may touch between lines)
-#   1.2  = 120% — a solid default for body text
-#   1.25 = matches the CSS default for most browsers
-#   1.5  = generous (double-spaced feel)
-LINE_HEIGHT = 1.0
-
 # Extra padding on Win and hhea metrics, as a fraction of UPM.
 # Prevents clipping of glyphs that sit right at the bounding-box edge.
 #   0.0  = trust the bounding boxes exactly
@@ -93,11 +86,15 @@ cap_h, cap_c = measure_chars("HIOXE",    axis="top")
 asc_h, asc_c = measure_chars("bdfhkl",   axis="top")
 xht_h, xht_c = measure_chars("xzouv",    axis="top")
 dsc_h, dsc_c = measure_chars("gpqyj",    axis="bottom")
+acc_h, acc_c = measure_chars("\u00c0\u00c1\u00c2\u00c3\u00c4\u00c5\u00c8\u00c9\u00ca\u00cb", axis="top")
+acd_h, acd_c = measure_chars("\u00c7\u015e\u0162",  axis="bottom")
 
 for label, val, ch in [("Cap height", cap_h, cap_c),
                         ("Ascender",   asc_h, asc_c),
+                        ("Accent top", acc_h, acc_c),
                         ("x-height",   xht_h, xht_c),
-                        ("Descender",  dsc_h, dsc_c)]:
+                        ("Descender",  dsc_h, dsc_c),
+                        ("Accent bot", acd_h, acd_c)]:
     if val is not None:
         print(f"  {label:12s}  {int(val):>6}  ('{ch}')")
     else:
@@ -135,57 +132,31 @@ if design_top is None or design_bot is None:
 #           lineGap absorbs all extra leading.  This keeps the text vertically
 #           centred on the line, which matters for UI / web layout.
 
-desired_lh     = int(round(upm * LINE_HEIGHT))
+typo_ascender  = int(round(design_top))
-ink_ascender   = int(round(design_top))
+typo_descender = int(round(design_bot))          # negative
-ink_descender  = int(round(design_bot))           # negative
+typo_extent    = typo_ascender - typo_descender   # total ink span (positive)
-ink_extent     = ink_ascender - ink_descender      # total ink span (positive)
+typo_linegap   = 0
 
-if ink_extent <= desired_lh:
+# ── Win / hhea metrics ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-    # Ink fits within desired line height — use ink boundaries, gap absorbs rest
+# Clipping boundaries.  Based on the design ascender/descender with a small
-    typo_ascender  = ink_ascender
+# margin.  Accented capitals and stacked diacritics may clip, but line
-    typo_descender = ink_descender
+# height stays tight on all platforms.
-    typo_linegap   = desired_lh - ink_extent
-else:
-    # Ink exceeds desired line height — cap to UPM, split proportionally
-    ratio = ink_ascender / ink_extent
-    typo_ascender  = int(round(desired_lh * ratio))
-    typo_descender = typo_ascender - desired_lh    # negative
-    typo_linegap   = 0
-
-typo_extent    = typo_ascender - typo_descender
-
-# ── OS/2 Win metrics ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-# Clipping boundaries on Windows.  Based on the design ascender/descender
-# (not the full font bbox, which can be inflated by stacked diacritics like
-# Aringacute).  A small margin prevents clipping of hinting artefacts.
 
 margin       = int(math.ceil(upm * CLIP_MARGIN))
+
 win_ascent   = int(math.ceil(design_top))  + margin
 win_descent  = int(math.ceil(abs(design_bot))) + margin
 
-# ── hhea metrics ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+hhea_ascent  = win_ascent
-# macOS/iOS always uses hhea for *both* line spacing and clipping (it ignores
+hhea_descent = -win_descent   # negative
-# USE_TYPO_METRICS).  To keep line height consistent across platforms, we fold
-# the Typo lineGap into hhea ascent/descent so hhea_lineGap can be 0.
-# Based on design ascender/descender, not the full font bbox.
-
-half_gap  = typo_linegap // 2
-extra     = typo_linegap - 2 * half_gap   # +1 rounding remainder → ascent side
-
-spacing_asc = typo_ascender  + half_gap + extra
-spacing_dsc = typo_descender - half_gap          # more negative
-
-hhea_ascent  = max(spacing_asc, int(math.ceil(design_top))  + margin)
-hhea_descent = min(spacing_dsc, int(math.floor(design_bot)) - margin)  # negative
 hhea_linegap = 0
 
 # ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
 # STEP 4 — Apply to font
 # ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
 
-# FontForge's own ascent / descent (used for UPM split in the head table)
+# Keep f.ascent / f.descent at their current values — they define UPM
-f.ascent  = typo_ascender
+# (f.ascent + f.descent = f.em) and must not be changed.
-f.descent = abs(typo_descender)
 
 # OS/2 table
 f.os2_typoascent    = typo_ascender

scripts/xheight.py

@@ -1,304 +0,0 @@
-"""
-FontForge: Adjust x-height / cap-height ratio
-═══════════════════════════════════════════════
-Scales all lowercase glyphs (including full Latin Extended) to hit a target
-x-height ratio, with optional stroke-weight compensation and proportional
-sidebearing adjustment.
-
-Run inside FontForge  (File → Execute Script → paste, or fontforge -script).
-
-After running:
-  1. Visually inspect a handful of glyphs (a e g l ö ñ)
-  2. Re-run set_metrics.py to recalculate vertical metrics
-  3. Review and regenerate kerning  (Metrics → Auto Kern or manual review)
-"""
-
-import fontforge
-import psMat
-import math
-import unicodedata
-
-f = fontforge.activeFont()
-
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-# CONFIGURATION
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-
-# Target x-height / cap-height ratio.
-#   Bookerly ≈ 0.71,  Georgia ≈ 0.70,  Times New Roman ≈ 0.65
-TARGET_RATIO = 0.71
-
-# Stroke-weight compensation.
-# Uniform scaling makes stems thicker by the same factor.  This reverses it.
-#   1.0  = full compensation (stems restored to original thickness)
-#   0.5  = half compensation (split the difference — often looks best)
-#   0.0  = no compensation (accept thicker stems)
-WEIGHT_COMPENSATION = 0.75
-
-# Sidebearing strategy after scaling.
-#   "proportional"  — bearings scale with the glyph (wider set, correct feel)
-#   "preserve"      — keep original bearings (tighter, may look cramped)
-BEARING_MODE = "proportional"
-
-# Safety: preview what would happen without changing anything.
-DRY_RUN = False
-
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-# HELPERS
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-
-def _measure_top(chars):
-    """Return the highest yMax among the given reference characters."""
-    best = None
-    for ch in chars:
-        name = fontforge.nameFromUnicode(ord(ch))
-        if name in f and f[name].isWorthOutputting():
-            bb = f[name].boundingBox()
-            if bb != (0, 0, 0, 0):
-                y = bb[3]
-                if best is None or y > best:
-                    best = y
-    return best
-
-
-def _measure_stem_width():
-    """
-    Estimate vertical-stem width from lowercase 'l'.
-
-    For sans-serif fonts the bbox width of 'l' ≈ the stem.
-    For serif fonts it includes serifs, so we take ~60% as an estimate.
-    The WEIGHT_COMPENSATION factor lets the user tune this.
-    """
-    for ch in "li":
-        name = fontforge.nameFromUnicode(ord(ch))
-        if name in f and f[name].isWorthOutputting():
-            bb = f[name].boundingBox()
-            bbox_w = bb[2] - bb[0]
-            if bbox_w > 0:
-                return bbox_w
-    return None
-
-
-def _is_lowercase_glyph(glyph):
-    """
-    Return True if this glyph should be treated as lowercase.
-
-    Covers:
-      • Unicode category Ll  (Letter, lowercase)  — a-z, à, é, ñ, ø, ß, …
-      • A few special cases that live at x-height but aren't Ll
-    """
-    if glyph.unicode < 0:
-        return False
-    try:
-        cat = unicodedata.category(chr(glyph.unicode))
-    except (ValueError, OverflowError):
-        return False
-
-    if cat == "Ll":
-        return True
-
-    # Catch x-height symbols that should scale with lowercase:
-    #   ª (U+00AA, Lo) — feminine ordinal indicator
-    #   º (U+00BA, Lo) — masculine ordinal indicator
-    if glyph.unicode in (0x00AA, 0x00BA):
-        return True
-
-    return False
-
-
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-# STEP 1 — Measure the font
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-
-print("─── Measuring ───\n")
-
-cap_height = _measure_top("HIOXE")
-x_height   = _measure_top("xzouv")
-
-if cap_height is None or x_height is None:
-    raise SystemExit(
-        "ERROR: Cannot measure cap height or x-height.\n"
-        "       Make sure the font has basic Latin glyphs (H, x, etc.)."
-    )
-
-current_ratio = x_height / cap_height
-scale_factor  = (TARGET_RATIO * cap_height) / x_height
-
-print(f"  Cap height:     {int(cap_height)}")
-print(f"  x-height:       {int(x_height)}")
-print(f"  Current ratio:  {current_ratio:.4f}")
-print(f"  Target ratio:   {TARGET_RATIO}")
-print(f"  Scale factor:   {scale_factor:.4f}  ({(scale_factor - 1) * 100:+.1f}%)")
-
-if abs(scale_factor - 1.0) < 0.005:
-    raise SystemExit("\nFont is already at (or very near) the target ratio. Nothing to do.")
-
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-# STEP 2 — Stem-width measurement (for weight compensation)
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-
-stem_bbox_w   = _measure_stem_width()
-weight_delta  = 0
-
-if WEIGHT_COMPENSATION > 0 and stem_bbox_w:
-    # For a serif font the bbox includes serifs; the true stem is narrower.
-    # We use 55% of bbox width as a rough stem estimate.  The WEIGHT_COMPENSATION
-    # factor (0–1) provides further control.
-    estimated_stem  = stem_bbox_w * 0.55
-    raw_thickening  = estimated_stem * (scale_factor - 1.0)
-    weight_delta    = -(raw_thickening * WEIGHT_COMPENSATION)
-
-    print(f"\n  Stem bbox ('l'):  {stem_bbox_w:.0f}")
-    print(f"  Est. stem width:  {estimated_stem:.0f}")
-    print(f"  Weight delta:     {weight_delta:.1f}  (compensation = {WEIGHT_COMPENSATION:.0%})")
-elif WEIGHT_COMPENSATION > 0:
-    print("\n  ⚠  Could not measure stem width — skipping weight compensation.")
-
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-# STEP 3 — Collect target glyphs
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-
-targets = []
-for g in f.glyphs():
-    if g.isWorthOutputting() and _is_lowercase_glyph(g):
-        targets.append(g)
-
-targets.sort(key=lambda g: g.unicode)
-
-print(f"\n─── Target glyphs: {len(targets)} ───\n")
-
-# Show a readable sample
-sample = [g for g in targets if g.unicode < 0x0180]  # Basic Latin + Supplement
-if sample:
-    line = "  "
-    for g in sample:
-        line += chr(g.unicode)
-        if len(line) > 76:
-            print(line)
-            line = "  "
-    if line.strip():
-        print(line)
-
-extended = len(targets) - len(sample)
-if extended > 0:
-    print(f"  … plus {extended} extended glyphs (Latin Extended, Cyrillic, etc.)")
-
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-# STEP 4 — Apply transforms
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-
-if DRY_RUN:
-    print("\n  ★ DRY RUN — no changes made.  Set DRY_RUN = False to apply.\n")
-    raise SystemExit(0)
-
-print(f"\n─── Applying (scale ×{scale_factor:.4f}) ───\n")
-
-mat        = psMat.scale(scale_factor)
-errors     = []
-weight_ok  = 0
-weight_err = 0
-skipped_composites = 0
-
-for g in targets:
-    gname = g.glyphname
-
-    # ── 1. Skip composites ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-    #    Composite glyphs (é = e + accent) reference base glyphs that we're
-    #    already scaling.  The composite automatically picks up the scaled base.
-    #    Decomposing would flatten the references and double-scale the outlines.
-    if g.references:
-        skipped_composites += 1
-        continue
-
-    # ── 2. Store original metrics ────────────────────────────────────────────
-    orig_lsb   = g.left_side_bearing
-    orig_rsb   = g.right_side_bearing
-    orig_width = g.width
-    orig_bb    = g.boundingBox()
-
-    # ── 3. Uniform scale from origin (0, baseline) ──────────────────────────
-    g.transform(mat)
-
-    # ── 4. Stroke-weight compensation ────────────────────────────────────────
-    if weight_delta != 0:
-        try:
-            g.changeWeight(weight_delta)
-            g.correctDirection()
-            weight_ok += 1
-        except Exception as e:
-            weight_err += 1
-            errors.append((gname, str(e)))
-
-    # ── 5. Fix baseline shift ────────────────────────────────────────────────
-    #    changeWeight can shift outlines off the baseline.  If the glyph
-    #    originally sat on y=0, nudge it back.
-    new_bb = g.boundingBox()
-    if orig_bb[1] == 0 and new_bb[1] != 0:
-        shift = -new_bb[1]
-        g.transform(psMat.translate(0, shift))
-
-    # ── 6. Fix sidebearings / advance width ──────────────────────────────────
-    if BEARING_MODE == "proportional":
-        # Scale bearings by the same factor → glyph is proportionally wider.
-        g.left_side_bearing  = int(round(orig_lsb * scale_factor))
-        g.right_side_bearing = int(round(orig_rsb * scale_factor))
-    else:
-        # Restore original bearings → glyph is same width, just taller.
-        g.left_side_bearing  = int(round(orig_lsb))
-        g.right_side_bearing = int(round(orig_rsb))
-
-scaled_count = len(targets) - skipped_composites
-print(f"  Scaled {scaled_count} glyphs (skipped {skipped_composites} composites).")
-if weight_delta != 0:
-    print(f"  Weight compensation: {weight_ok} OK, {weight_err} errors.")
-if errors:
-    print(f"\n  Glyphs with changeWeight errors (review manually):")
-    for nm, err in errors[:20]:
-        print(f"    {nm}: {err}")
-    if len(errors) > 20:
-        print(f"    … and {len(errors) - 20} more.")
-
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-# STEP 5 — Verify & update OS/2 fields
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-
-new_xh = _measure_top("xzouv")
-new_ratio = new_xh / cap_height if new_xh else None
-
-# Update the OS/2 sxHeight field (informational, used by some renderers)
-if hasattr(f, "os2_xheight") and new_xh:
-    f.os2_xheight = int(round(new_xh))
-
-# If the font records cap height in OS/2 sCapHeight, keep it consistent
-if hasattr(f, "os2_capheight") and cap_height:
-    f.os2_capheight = int(round(cap_height))
-
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-# STEP 6 — Report
-# ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
-
-print("\n─── Results ───\n")
-print(f"  Cap height:     {int(cap_height)}  (unchanged)")
-print(f"  Old x-height:   {int(x_height)}")
-print(f"  New x-height:   {int(new_xh) if new_xh else 'N/A'}")
-print(f"  Old ratio:      {current_ratio:.4f}")
-print(f"  New ratio:      {new_ratio:.4f}" if new_ratio else "  New ratio:      N/A")
-print(f"  Target was:     {TARGET_RATIO}")
-
-# Check how ascenders shifted
-asc_h = _measure_top("bdfhkl")
-if asc_h:
-    over = asc_h - cap_height
-    if over > 2:
-        print(f"\n  ℹ  Ascenders now sit at {int(asc_h)}, which is {int(over)} units above cap height.")
-        print(f"     This is normal and common in many typefaces.")
-    else:
-        print(f"\n  Ascenders at {int(asc_h)} (≈ cap height).")
-
-print("\n─── Next steps ───\n")
-print("  1. Inspect glyphs:  a e g l o ö ñ ß — look for weight/shape issues")
-print("  2. Run set_metrics.py to recalculate vertical metrics")
-print("  3. Regenerate kerning  (Metrics → Auto Kern, or review manually)")
-print("  4. If weight looks off, adjust WEIGHT_COMPENSATION and re-run")
-print("     (Ctrl+Z to undo all changes first)\n")
-print("Done.")